Management Practices for Insect Resistance in Bt Maize

The failure to reduce the population of a phytophagous species recognized as a key pest in a given situation usually occurs by not using the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The control of insect pests in agriculture has been done mainly through the application of chemical insecticides. However, chemical insecticides has lost effectiveness due to the selection of populations of resistant insects and cause adverse environmental effects. The main resistance management programs (IRM) strategy is the use of ‘high dose/refuge’, which involves the use of high dose of Bt protein in plants, promoting high mortality of heterozygotes associated with the planting of refuge, ie, a proportion of the crop in which it must be planted a non-Bt variety, allowing the survival of susceptible individuals. The emergence of Bt crops is an important step between the tactics available for pest control in various crops such as maize, canola, cotton and, in the near future, soybeans

Capacidade combinatória e heterose em cultivares de feijoeiro‑comum

The objective of this work was to determine the combining ability and heterosis, for productivity and yield components, in diallel hybrids derived from crossings between BRSMG‑Talismã, IPR Uirapuru,FT Soberano, BRS Campeiro, IAC Tybatã, and IPR Juriti parent cultivars. Fifteen hybrids were generated from diallel crosses, excluding reciprocals. The general and specific combining abilities were significant for plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, 50‑seed weight, and grain yield, indicating the occurrence of both additive and nonadditive genetic effects. The best strategy to be adopted is the use of BRS Campeiro, FT Soberano and BRSMG‑Talismã cultivars in common bean breeding programs involving selection. The most promising combinations were 'IPR Uirapuru' x 'IAC Tybatã', 'IPR Uirapuru' x 'FT Soberano', 'BRS Campeiro' x 'IPR Juriti', and 'BRS Campeiro' x 'IAC Tybatã'. The parentsof these hybrids presented high estimates of specific combining abilities. Hybridization of cultivars belongingto distinguished commercial groups propitiates higher heterosis values in the segregant population.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a capacidade combinatória e a heterose, quanto à produtividade de grãos e aos componentes de rendimento, em híbridos derivados dos cruzamentos dialélicos entre as cultivares BRSMG‑Talismã, IPR Uirapuru, FT Soberano, BRS Campeiro, IAC Tybatã, e IPR Juriti. Quinze híbridos foram gerados a partir dos cruzamentos dialélicos, sem os recíprocos. As capacidades de combinação geral e específica foram significativas em relação à altura de planta, ao número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, peso médio de 50 sementes e à produção de grãos, e indicaram a ocorrência de efeitos aditivos e não aditivos. A melhor estratégia a ser adotada em programas de melhoramento que envolvam seleção é o uso das cultivares BRS Campeiro, FT Soberano e BRSMG‑Talismã. As combinações mais promissoras foram 'IPR Uirapuru' x 'IAC Tybatã', 'IPR Uirapuru' x 'FT Soberano', 'BRS Campeiro' x 'IPR Juriti' e 'BRS Campeiro' x 'IAC Tybatã'. Os parentais destes híbridos apresentaram elevadas estimativas de capacidade específica de combinação. A hibridização de cultivarespertencentes a grupos comerciais distintos propicia maiores valores de heterose

The effect of ions and adenosine nucleotides on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase from the epaxial muscle of fish

Lactate dehydrogenase was partially purified from the epaxial muscle of Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) and its hybrid Piaractus mesopotamicus x Colossoma macropomus (tambacu). This preparation was used for kinetic studies carried out at pH 6.0 and 7.5. It was also used for the study of the inhibition properties of adenosine nucleotides = ATP, ADP, AMP =, divalent ions Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and the anions oxamate and oxalate

Allelic relationships of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) resistance in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Michelite and the proposal of a new anthracnose resistance gene, Co-11

The genetic resistance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Michelite to races 8 and 64 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of bean anthracnose, was characterized. Crosses were made between Michelite and Mexico 222 cultivars and the F2 population was inoculated with race 64 in order to study the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose in Michelite. The segregation of F2 population fitted in a ratio of 3R:1S, showing the presence of a dominant gene in Michelite gene conditioning resistance to race 64. Allelism tests were conducted with F2 populations derived from crosses between Michelite and AB 136, AND 277, BAT 93, Cornell 49-242, G 2333, Kaboon, Mexico 222, Michigan Dark Red Kidney (MRDK), Ouro Negro, Perry Marrow, PI 207262, TO, TU, and Widusa. All the cultivars (except Mexico 222) were resistant to race 64. While F2 derived from the Michelite x Mexico 222 was inoculated with race 8. Additionally, allelism tests indicated that the gene present in Michelite is independent from Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4, Co-5, Co-6, Co-7, Co-9 and Co-10 genes. The monogenic inheritance observed in Michelite and the independence of this gene from those previously characterized allow the authors to propose that the anthracnose resistant gene in Michelite should be named Co-11

Boletín oficial de la provincia de Santander: Número 71 - 1910 Mayo 04

The shoulder is susceptible to disturbances caused by microtraumas due to direct contact of the surrounding skeletal structures or failure of the soft parts of the rotator cuff and other muscles inserted into the gle-nohumeral joint. The purpose of the study was to compare the electro-myographic signal in the stabilizing muscles of the shoulder during the diagonal elevation exercise as recommended by the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) method and dumbbell exercise. This study is classified as Quase-experiment. Subjects were instructed to perform diagonal standard exercises and the electromyographic signal was detected from pectoralis muscles, middle and upper trapezius of dominant limb in each subject. We observed greater muscular recruit-ment when the PNF method was adopted in comparison with the dumbbell workouts for the trapezius upper and middle fiber muscles and for the major pectoralis (267,30 μv/181,02 μv; 235,76 μv/;164,47 μv; 299,87 μv/148,69 μv; P<0.001). The PNF method promotes a greater re-cruitment of the shoulder dynamic stabilizing muscles during diagonal elevation exercises. Being so, such kinesiotherapeutic technique may be effectively used in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of shoulder disorders

Variabilidade genética de germoplasma tradicional de feijoeiro comum na região de Cáceres-MT

RESUMO: O presente trabalho foi conduzido na unidade experimental da Empresa Mato-Grossense de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (Cáceres-MT) e teve como objetivo determinar a variabilidade genética existente entre 40 acessos tradicionais de Phaseolus vulgaris L. do banco ativo de germoplasma da região de Cáceres-MT. Foi utilizado um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições e analisadas onze características morfoagronômicas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, foi estimada a variabilidade genética entre os acessos empregando-se análise multivariada com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis, realizando as análises de agrupamento. Houve diferenças significativas a 1% de probabilidade para todas as características avaliadas. A maior distância genética foi encontrada entre os acessos 13 e 20 (D2ii'=364,99), e a menor distância entre os acessos 13 e 26 (D2ii'=2,23). Os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA ordenaram os acessos mais divergentes em grupos distintos, evidenciando a existência de variabilidade, podendo ser inclusos em programas de melhoramento com enfoque regional